Volume 31 Issue 4
Jul.  2022
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
CHEN Junfeng and WANG Xue, “Non-intrusive Load Monitoring Using Gramian Angular Field Color Encoding in Edge Computing,” Chinese Journal of Electronics, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 595-603, 2022, doi: 10.1049/cje.2020.00.268
Citation: CHEN Junfeng and WANG Xue, “Non-intrusive Load Monitoring Using Gramian Angular Field Color Encoding in Edge Computing,” Chinese Journal of Electronics, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 595-603, 2022, doi: 10.1049/cje.2020.00.268

Non-intrusive Load Monitoring Using Gramian Angular Field Color Encoding in Edge Computing

doi: 10.1049/cje.2020.00.268
Funds:  This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFB2003500, 2018YFB2003201)
More Information
  • Author Bio:

    received the B.S. degree in instrumentation science and technology from Tsinghua University in 2017. He is a Ph.D. candidate in Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University. His current research interests include smart grid and edge computing.(Email: chenjf17@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn)

    (corresponding author) received the Ph.D. degree from Huazhong University of Science and Technology in 1994. He is now a Professor and Supervisor for Ph.D. student in Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University. His main research interests includes precision measurement and sensor technology and wireless sensor network measurement. (Email: wangxue@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn)

  • Received Date: 2020-08-28
  • Accepted Date: 2022-01-17
  • Available Online: 2022-03-07
  • Publish Date: 2022-07-05
  • Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) can infer the status of the appliances in operation and their energy consumption by analyzing the energy data collected from monitoring devices. With the rapid increase of electric loads in amount and type, the traditional way of uploading all energy data to cloud is facing enormous challenges. It becomes increasingly significant to construct distinguishable load signatures and build robust classification models for NILM. In this paper, we propose a load signature construction method for load recognition task in home scenarios. The load signature is based on the Gramian angular field encoding theory, which is convenient to construct and significantly reduces the data transmission volume of the network. Moreover, edge computing architecture can reasonably utilize computing resources and relieve the pressure of the server. The experimental results on NILM datasets demonstrate that the proposed method obtains superior performance in the recognition of household appliances under insufficient resources.
  • loading
  • [1]
    L. Yu, X. Jin, Z. Li, et al., “An intelligent scheduling approach for electric power generation,” Chinese Journal of Electronics, vol.27, no.6, pp.1170–1175, 2018. doi: 10.1049/cje.2018.09.013
    [2]
    Y. Wang, J. Li, X. Chen, et al., “Remote attestation for intelligent electronic devices in smart grid based on trusted level measurement,” Chinese Journal of Electronics, vol.29, no.3, pp.437–446, 2020. doi: 10.1049/cje.2020.02.019
    [3]
    H. Qiu, Z. Zhang, W. Wang, et al., “Meter reading aggregation scheme with universally symbolic analysis for smart grid,” Chinese Journal of Electronics, vol.28, no.3, pp.577–584, 2019. doi: 10.1049/cje.2019.03.014
    [4]
    National Bureau of Statistics of China, “Consumption of Energy by Sector,” Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm, 2019.
    [5]
    L. Wang, X. Chen, G. Wang, et al., “Non-intrusive load monitoring algorithm based on features of V-I trajectory,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol.157, pp.134–144, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.jpgr.2017.12.012
    [6]
    J. M. Gillis, J. A. Chung, and W. G. Morsi, “Designing new orthogonal high-order wavelets for nonintrusive load monitoring,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.65, no.3, pp.2578–2589, 2017. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2017.2739701
    [7]
    J. M. Gillis, S. M. Alshareef, and W. G. Morsi, “Nonintrusive load monitoring using wavelet design and machine learning,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol.7, no.1, pp.320–328, 2015. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2015.2428706
    [8]
    GAO Jingkun, E. C. Kara, S. Giri, et al., “A feasibility study of automated plug-load identification from high-frequency measurements,” 2015 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP), Orlando, FL, USA, pp.220–224, 2015.
    [9]
    M. Figueiredo, A. De Almeida, and B. Ribeiro, “Home electrical signal disaggregation for non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) systems,” Neurocomputing, vol.96, pp.66–73, 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.neucom.2011.10.037
    [10]
    D. Meng and L. Sun, “Some new trends of deep learning research,” Chinese Journal of Electronics, vol.28, no.6, pp.1087–1091, 2019. doi: Somenewtrendsofdeeplearningresearch
    [11]
    Z. Zhang, B. Wang, Z. Yu, et al., “Dilated convolutional pixels affinity network for weakly supervised Semantic segmentation,” Chinese Journal of Electronics, vol.30, no.6, pp.1120–1130, 2021. doi: 10.1049/cje.2021.08.007
    [12]
    L. Fu, Y. Du, Y. Ding, et al., “Domain adaptive learning with multi-granularity features for unsupervised person re-identification,” Chinese Journal of Electronics, vol.31, no.1, pp.116–128, 2022. doi: 10.1049/cje.2020.00.072
    [13]
    C. -F. Lai, W. -C. Chien, L. T. Yang, et al., “LSTM and edge computing for big data feature recognition of industrial electrical equipment,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol.15, no.4, pp.2469–2477, 2019. doi: 10.1109/TII.2019.2892818
    [14]
    L. De Baets, J. Ruyssinck, C. Develder, et al., “Appliance classification using VI trajectories and convolutional neural networks,” Energy and Buildings, vol.158, pp.32–36, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.09.087
    [15]
    Y. Liu, X. Wang, and W. You, “Non-intrusive load monitoring by voltage-current trajectory enabled transfer learning,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol.10, no.5, pp.5609–5619, 2019. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2018.2888581
    [16]
    WANG Zhiguang and T. Oates, “Encoding time series as images for visual inspection and classification using tiled convolutional neural networks,” Workshops at the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Austin Texas, USA, available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275970614_Encoding_Time_Series_as_Images_for_Visual_Inspection_and_Classification_Using_Tiled_Convolutional_Neural_Networks, 2015.
    [17]
    ETSI, “Mobile-edge computing-introductory technical white paper,” Available at: https://portal.etsi.org/Portals/0/TBpages/MEC/Docs/Mobile-edge_Computing_-_Introduc-tory_Technical_White_Paper_V1%2018-09-14.pdf, 2014.
    [18]
    W. Shi, J. Cao, Q. Zhang, et al., “Edge computing: Vision and challenges,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol.3, no.5, pp.637–646, 2016. doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2016.2579198
    [19]
    Q. Wu, F. He, and X. Fan, “The intelligent control system of traffic light based on fog computing,” Chinese Journal of Electronics, vol.27, no.6, pp.1265–1270, 2018. doi: 10.1049/cje.2018.09.015
    [20]
    S. Xu, P. Li, F. Qi, et al., “Load-balancing and QoS based dynamic resource allocation method for smart gird fiber-wireless networks,” Chinese Journal of Electronics, vol.28, no.6, pp.1234–1243, 2019. doi: 10.1049/cje.2019.08.007
    [21]
    X. Wang, Y. Han, Victor C. M. Leung, et al., “Convergence of edge computing and deep learning: A comprehensive survey,” IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, vol.22, no.2, pp.869–904, 2020. doi: 10.1109/COMST.2020.2970550
    [22]
    I. Abubakar, S. Khalid, M. Mustafa, et al., “Application of load monitoring in appliances’ energy management – A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.67, pp.235–245, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.064
    [23]
    D. F. Teshome, T. Huang, and K.-L. Lian, “Distinctive load feature extraction based on Fryze’s time-domain power theory,” IEEE Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal, vol.3, no.2, pp.60–70, 2016. doi: 10.1109/JPETS.2016.2559507
    [24]
    A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, and G. E. Hinton, “ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks,” Communications of the ACM, vol.60, no.6, pp.84–90, 2017. doi: 10.1145/3065386
    [25]
    GAO Jingkun, S. Giri, E. C. Kara, et al., “PLAID: A public dataset of high-resolution electrical appliance measurements for load identification research: Demo abstract,” in Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Embedded Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Memphis, USA, pp.198–199, 2014.
    [26]
    M. Kahl, A. U. Haq, T. Kriechbaumer, et al., “Whited-a worldwide household and industry transient energy data set,” 3rd International Workshop on Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring, Vancouver, Canada, available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/WHITED-A-Worldwide-Household-and-Industry-Transient-Kahl-Haq/766b29cd47987be0e7b2bbb9fcc9df351d5041cc, 2016.
    [27]
    N. Sadeghianpourhamami, J. Ruyssinck, D. Deschrijver, et al., “Comprehensive feature selection for appliance classification in NILM,” Energy and Buildings, vol.151, pp.98–106, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.06.042
    [28]
    J.-H. Kim, “Estimating classification error rate: Repeated cross-validation, repeated hold-out and bootstrap,” Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, vol.53, no.11, pp.3735–3745, 2009. doi: 10.1016/j.csda.2009.04.009
    [29]
    R. Kohavi, “A study of cross-validation and bootstrap for accuracy estimation and model selection,” in Proc. of the 14th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Montreal Quebec Canada, pp.1137–1143, 1995.
    [30]
    Makonin S and Popowich F, “Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) performance evaluation,” Energy Efficiency, vol.8, no.4, pp.809–814, 2015. doi: 10.1007/s12053-014-9306-2
    [31]
    G. W. Hart, “Nonintrusive appliance load monitoring,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.80, no.12, pp.1870–1891, 1992. doi: 10.1109/5.192069
    [32]
    Zoha A, Gluhak A, Imran M, et al., “Non-intrusive load monitoring approaches for disaggregated energy sensing: A survey,” Sensors, vol.12, no.12, pp.16838–16866, 2012. doi: 10.3390/s121216838
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(8)  / Tables(2)

    Article Metrics

    Article views (884) PDF downloads(130) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return