Chinese Journal of Electronics

Characteristic Mode Analysis for Pattern Diversity and Beamforming: A Survey

ZHANG Qianyun, WU Biyi

2024, 33(5): 1117-1126. doi: 10.23919/cje.2022.00.255

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Abstract:
With the rapid development of space-air-ground integrated communications, diverse requirements have been imposed on antenna radiation patterns. In addition, increasingly compact platforms brings significant challenges to the deployment of antenna arrays normally used for beamforming. This article comprehensively surveys characteristic mode analysis (CMA)-based pattern diversity realizations in past years. Specifically, exciting multiple characteristic modes independently achieves pattern reconfigurability and element-reduced multiple-input and multiple-output systems. We furthermore overview a series of works on modes superposition. Various methods have been explored for modal weights decision, and therefore specific patterns are synthesized. The weighted modal combination also fulfills single-element beamforming. A recent study on an antenna design for electrically small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is summarized, and the desired reconfigurable radiation patterns of the conformal radiator are realized based on CMA. Moreover, a formation-based beamforming technique, which takes advantages of the electromagnetic coupling among conformal radiators and the agility of UAVs, is introduced.

SiC Double Trench MOSFET with Split Gate and Integrated Schottky Barrier Diode for Ultra-low Power Loss and Improved Short-Circuit Capability

ZHANG Jinping, WU Qinglin, CHEN Zixun, ZOU Hua, ZHANG Bo

2024, 33(5): 1127-1136. doi: 10.23919/cje.2022.00.394

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Abstract:
A silicon carbide (SiC) double trench metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (DTMOS) with split gate (SG) and integrated Schottky barrier diode (SBD) is proposed for the first time. The proposed device features two enhanced deep trenches in the surface, in which a source-connected SG with a thicker dielectric layer is located at the bottom of the deep gate trench and an integrated SBD is located at the sidewall of the deep source trench (DST). Combined with shielding effect provided by the P⁺ shield layer under the DST and integrated SBD, the proposed structure not only reduces the reverse transfer capacitance ($C _{\rm rss}$) and gate-drain charge ($ {Q} _{\rm gd} $) but also restrains the saturation drain current ($ {I} _{\rm d, sat} $) and improves the diode performance of the device. Numerical analysis results show that compared with the Con-DTMOS and Con-DTMOS with external SBD diode, the turn-on loss ($ {E} _{\rm on} $) and turn-off loss ($ {E} _{\rm off} $) for the proposed device are reduced by 56.4%/70.4% and 56.6%/69.9%, respectively. Moreover, the $ {I} _{\rm d, sat} $ at the $ {V} _{\rm gs} $ of 18 V for the proposed device is reduced by 74.4% and the short-circuit withstand time ($ {t} _{\rm SC} $) is improved by about 7.5 times. As a result, an ultra-low power loss and improved short-circuit capability is obtained for the proposed device.

Realization of Complete Boolean Logic and Combinational Logic Functionalities on a Memristor-Based Universal Logic Circuit

LIAN Xiaojuan, SUN Chuanyang, TAO Zeheng, WAN Xiang, LIU Xiaoyan, CAI Zhikuang, WANG Lei

2024, 33(5): 1137-1146. doi: 10.23919/cje.2023.00.091

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Abstract:
Memristors are a promising solution for building an advanced computing system due to their excellent characteristics, including small energy consumption, high integration density, fast write/read speed, great endurance and so on. In this work, we firstly design three basis logic XNOR1, XNOR2 and XOR gates by virtue of memristor ratioed logic (MRL), and further construct 1-bit numerical comparators, 2-bit numerical comparators and full adder 1 based on the above XNOR1, XNOR2 and XOR gates. Furthermore, we propose and design a universal logic circuit that can realize four different kinds of logic functions (AND, OR, XOR, XNOR) at the same time. Subsequently, a full adder 2 is built using XOR function of this universal logic circuit. Compared with the traditional CMOS circuits, the universal logic circuit designed in this work exhibits several merits such as fewer components, less power, and lower delay. This work demonstrates that memristors can be used as a potential solution for building a novel computing architecture.

A Fast Startup Crystal Oscillator with Digital SAR-AFC Based Two-Step Injection

ZHOU Bo, LI Yifan, WANG Zuhang

2024, 33(5): 1147-1153. doi: 10.23919/cje.2023.00.043

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Abstract:
Crystal oscillators (XOs) provide a high-precision reference frequency but have a long startup time, which severely increases the average power consumption in duty-cycled systems. This paper proposes a fully-digital low-cost two-step injection technique, by using a successive approximation register (SAR) based auto frequency control (AFC) loop, to speed up the startup behavior of XOs. A theoretical analysis is carried out to determine the optimum injection time and design low-power XOs. Fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process, the proposed 12 MHz fast startup XO occupies an active area of 0.02 mm$ ^{2} $ and achieves a startup time less than 35 μs. The XO power consumption in the steady state is 40 μW from a 1.0-V supply, with a startup energy of 17.2 nJ.

Method of Single Event Effects Radiation Hardened Design for DC-DC Converter Based Load Transient Detection

GUO Zhongjie, LIU Nan, LU Hu, LI Mengli, QIU Ziyi

2024, 33(5): 1154-1164. doi: 10.23919/cje.2022.00.442

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Abstract:
Aiming at the impact of load current change on single-event transient, the essential difference between single-event transient and load transient of DC-DC converter is deeply studied. A hardened circuit based on load transient detection is proposed. The circuit detects the load transient information in time and outputs a control signal to control the single event hardened circuit, thereby realizing the improvement of the transient characteristics of the system under dynamic conditions. Based on the 180 nm bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process, the design and physical verification of a boost converter are completed. The experimental results show that the input voltage range is 2.9–4.5 V, the output voltage range is 5.8–7.9 V, and the load current is 0–55 mA. During load transients, the load detection circuit turns off the hardened circuit in time, avoiding system oscillation and widening the dynamic range of the hardening circuit. Under the single-event transient, the output voltage fluctuation of the system does not exceed the maximum ripple voltage, and the single-event transient suppression ability reaches more than 86%, the system can work well with linear energy transfer of about 100 MeV·cm²/mg.

An Efficient and Fast Area Optimization Approach for Mixed Polarity Reed-Muller Logic Circuits

ZHOU Yuhao, HE Zhenxue, JIANG Jianhui, ZHAO Xiaojun, ZHANG Fan, XIAO Limin, WANG Xiang

2024, 33(5): 1165-1180. doi: 10.23919/cje.2022.00.407

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Abstract:
Area has become one of the main bottlenecks restricting the development of integrated circuits. The area optimization approaches of existing XNOR/OR-based mixed polarity Reed-Muller (MPRM) circuits have poor optimization effect and efficiency. Given that the area optimization of MPRM logic circuits is a combinatorial optimization problem, we propose a whole annealing adaptive bacterial foraging algorithm (WAA-BFA), which includes individual evolution based on Markov chain and Metropolis acceptance criteria, and individual mutation based on adaptive probability. To address the issue of low conversion efficiency in existing polarity conversion approaches, we introduce a fast polarity conversion algorithm (FPCA). Moreover, we present an MPRM circuits area optimization approach that uses the FPCA and WAA-BFA to search for the best polarity corresponding to the minimum circuits area. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed MPRM circuits area optimization approach is effective and can be used as a promising EDA tool.

Investigating the Effects of V₂C MXene on Improving the Switching Stability and Reducing the Operation Voltages of TiO₂-Based Memristors

HE Nan, WANG Lei, TONG Yi

2024, 33(5): 1181-1187. doi: 10.23919/cje.2022.00.327

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Abstract:
Three-atoms-type V₂C MXene, an emerging class of transition metal carbides, has attracted tremendous attention in the fabrication of advanced memristive devices due to its excellent electrochemical properties. However, the inserted effects and corresponding physical mechanisms of inserting V₂C on traditional TiO₂-based memristors have not been clearly explored. In this work, exhaustive electrical characterizations of the V₂C/TiO₂-based devices exhibit enhanced performance (e.g., improved switching stability and lower operating voltages) compared to the TiO₂-based counterparts. In addition, the advantaged influences of the inserted V₂C have also been studied by means of first-principles calculations, confirming that V₂C MXene enables controllable internal ionic process and facilitated formation mechanism of the Ag conductive filaments. This work demonstrates a way to combine experimental and theoretical investigations to reveal the positive effects of introducing V₂C MXene on memristor, which is beneficial for fabricating performance-enhanced memristors.

Study on Static Deflection Model of MEMS Capacitive Microwave Power Sensors

JIN Ye, WANG Debo

2024, 33(5): 1188-1195. doi: 10.23919/cje.2023.00.087

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Abstract:
In this paper, a static deflection model of MEMS cantilever beam is proposed, which can better study the force deformation of micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) cantilever beam and the output characteristics of capacitive microwave power sensor. The deflection curve is used to describe the deformation of the cantilever beam and then the overload power and sensitivity of this power sensor are derived. It is found that the overload power decreases with the beam length, and increases with the initial height of beam. The sensitivity increases with the beam length, and has a linear growth relationship with the measuring electrode width. A MEMS dual-channel microwave power sensor is designed, fabricated and measured. At a microwave signal frequency of 10 GHz, the sensitivity of the sensor is measured to be 0.11 V/W for the thermoelectric detection channel and 65.17 fF/W for the capacitive detection channel. The sensitivity calculated by the lumped model is 92.93 fF/W, that by the pivot model is 50.88 fF/W, and that by the deflection model proposed in this work is 75.21 fF/W. Therefore, the theoretical result of the static deflection model is more consistent with the measured result and has better accuracy than the traditional lumped model and pivot model.

High Power GaN Doubler with High Duty Cycle Pulse Based on Local Non-reflection Design

DONG Yazhou, ZHOU Tianchi, LIANG Shixiong, GU Guodong, ZHOU Hongji, YU Jianghua, GUO Hailong, ZHANG Yaxin

2024, 33(5): 1196-1203. doi: 10.23919/cje.2023.00.179

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Abstract:
The study focuses on the development of gallium nitride (GaN) Schottky barrier diode (SBD) frequency doublers for terahertz technology. The low conversion efficiency of these doublers limits their practical applications. To address this challenge, the paper proposes a multi-objective local no-reflection design method based on a three-dimensional electromagnetic structure. The method aims to improve the coupling efficiency of input power and reduce the reflection of power output. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method significantly improves the performance of GaN SBD frequency doublers, achieving an efficiency of 16.9% and a peak output power of 160 mW at 175 GHz. These results suggest that the method can contribute to the further development of GaN SBD frequency doublers for terahertz technology.

An Ultra-wideband Doubler Chain with 43–65 dBc Fundamental Rejection in Ku/K/Ka Band

WANG Long, CHEN Jixin, HOU Debin, XU Xiaojie, LI Zekun, TANG Dawei, ZHOU Rui, QI Hao, XIANG Yu

2024, 33(5): 1204-1217. doi: 10.23919/cje.2023.00.157

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Abstract:
In this paper, a double-balanced doubler chain with >43-dBc fundamental rejection over an ultra-wide bandwidth in 0.13-μm SiGe BiCMOS technology is proposed. To achieve high fundamental rejection, high output power, and high conversion gain over an ultra-wideband, a double-balanced doubler chain with pre- and post-drivers employs a bandwidth broadening technique and a ground shielding strategy. Analysis and comparison of the single-balanced and double-balanced doublers were conducted, with a focus on their fundamental rejection and circuit imbalance. Three doublers, including a passive single-balanced doubler, an active single-balanced doubler, and a passive double-balanced doubler were designed to verify the performance and characteristics of the single- and double-balanced doublers. Measurements show that the proposed double-balanced doubler chain has approximately 15 dB better fundamental rejection, and more than twice the relative bandwidth compared to the single-balanced doubler chain fabricated with the same process. Over an 86.9% 3-dB bandwidth from 13.4 GHz to 34 GHz, the double-balanced doubler chain delivers 14.7-dBm peak output power and has >43-/33-dBc fundamental/third-harmonic rejection. To the authors’ best knowledge, the proposed double-balanced doubler chain shows the highest fundamental rejection over an ultra-wideband among silicon-based doublers at millimeter-wave frequency bands.

A Microstrip Leaky-Wave Antenna with Scanning Beams Horizontal to the Antenna Plane

WANG Henghui, CHEN Peiyao, SUN Sheng

2024, 33(5): 1218-1223. doi: 10.23919/cje.2023.00.033

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Abstract:
A leaky-wave antenna with horizontal scanning beams and broadside radiation is presented on the periodically modulated microstrip. The horizontal radiation is realized by periodically etching a set of resonant open-ended slots on the ground plane. Dispersion diagrams and Bloch impedance are first analyzed to investigate the propagation and radiation characteristics of the periodic structure. Subsequently, shunt matching stubs are installed aiming to obtain seamless beam scanning property through the broadside. Finally, a prototype is implemented as verification of the presented antenna. Results of the simulations and measurements agree well with each other, indicating the elimination of the open-stop band effect and the horizontal radiation beams. The fabricated antenna exhibits a beam range from −62° to +34°, and provides a maximum measured gain about 14.6 dBi at 10 GHz.

Miniaturized, Shared Electric and Magnetic Dipole, Pattern Diversity IoT Antenna for Sub-6 GHz Applications

WANG Zhan, DONG Yuandan

2024, 33(5): 1224-1233. doi: 10.23919/cje.2023.00.058

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Abstract:
By using a novel meta-resonator structure, a miniaturized, surface mountable, shared aperture, and hybrid electric/magnetic dipole pattern diversity antenna is proposed for Internet of things (IoT) applications. By exploring the shared electric (E-dipole) and magnetic dipole (M-dipole) structures, a novel T-shaped split-ring resonator (SRR) with even and odd modes is presented and studied by current distributions and equivalent circuits. Broadside and omnidirectional (monopole-like) patterns are achieved by exciting the M-dipole and E-dipole modes of the T-shaped SRR, respectively. To validate the proposed design, this shared aperture metamaterial-inspired pattern diversity antenna with a small size of 0.295λ₀ × 0.0065λ₀ × 0.115λ₀ is fabricated and measured. The measured overlapped −10 dB bandwidth is from 3.40 GHz to 3.63 GHz (7.0%, covering the LTE B42 band) and the port isolation is greater than 23 dB. Both two modes achieve a good radiation efficiency better than −0.79 dB (>83.0%).

Wideband Millimeter Wave Antenna with Cavity Backed Slotted Patch and Magneto-Electric Dipole

CHENG Yang, DONG Yuandan

2024, 33(5): 1234-1244. doi: 10.23919/cje.2023.00.064

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Abstract:
This paper proposes a wideband cavity-backed slotted patch antenna, loaded with a magneto-electric (ME)-dipole and fed by a microstrip line, for millimeter wave (mm-Wave) applications. The coupled-feed cavity-backed slotted patch antenna is loaded with the ME-dipole. The slotted patch antenna serves as both a radiator and a ground for the ME-dipole. The combination of the ME-dipole antenna and the slotted patch antenna realizes a –10 dB impedance bandwidth covering over 22.86–44.35 GHz (63.9%). The pattern of the antenna element remains stable throughout this bandwidth. The proposed broadband antenna unit not only realizes single linearly polarized (LP) radiation but also can be designed for dual-LP radiation. The dual-polarized radiation can be achieved by changing the slot of the patch antenna to a crossed slot and altering the ME-dipole antenna to a dual-polarization form. A 2 × 2 dual-polarized array has been designed, fabricated, and tested. A novel dual-polarized feeding network is proposed. To achieve higher isolation, broadband in-phase feed and differential feed are adopted, respectively. A low-loss single to the differential structure is proposed for differential feeding. The simulated isolation of the array is higher than 40 dB. Measured results show that the dual-polarized 2 × 2 array has an overlapping bandwidth of 52.3% (|S₁₁| < –10 dB and |S₂₁| < –30 dB) with a peak gain of 14 dBi. The proposed antenna, featuring a wide overall bandwidth, low cost, and good radiation performance, is well suited for mm-Wave applications.

Design of Differential Multi-Point Feeding Dual-Polarized SISL Antenna Based on CM Analysis

TANG Bin, MA Kaixue, MORO Eric Newton, LUO Yu

2024, 33(5): 1245-1252. doi: 10.23919/cje.2022.00.251

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Abstract:
Dual-polarized antennas are required in the current mobile communication to increase the channel capacity and reducing multi-path effects. Utilizing characteristic mode (CM) analysis, this paper presents a five-patch substrate integrated suspended line (SISL) antenna with suppressed unwanted higher-order modes, and achieves an enhanced bandwidth by using differential multi-point feeding (MPF) systems. Compared to single-point feeding systems, the proposed dual-polarized SISL antenna with the MPF system demonstrates a bandwidth 1.87 times wider. The novel SISL feeding system incorporates two pairs of differentially-fed branch line feed structures. A prototype of the proposed differential-fed antenna is fabricated and measured, showing good agreement between simulated and measured results. The dual-polarization SISL antenna can achieve realized gain from 8.1 dBi to 10.8 dBi within a working frequency from 3.17 GHz to 3.61 GHz (12.98%). Moreover, utilizing low-cost substrates, the proposed SISL antenna has the potential for 5G applications.

A Polarization Control Operator for Polarized Electromagnetic Wave Designing

CUI Shuo, LI Yaoyao, ZHANG Shijian, CHEN Ling, CAO Cheng, SU Donglin

2024, 33(5): 1253-1260. doi: 10.23919/cje.2022.00.410

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Abstract:
To describe and control the polarization state of electromagnetic waves, a polarization control operator of the complex vector form is proposed. Distinct from traditional descriptors, the proposed operator employs an angle parameter to configure the polarization state of the polarized wave. By setting the parameter in the proposed operator, the amplitude of the field components can be modified, resulting in changes in the magnitude and direction of the field vector, and thus realizing control of the polarization state of the electromagnetic wave. The physical meaning, orthogonal decomposition, and discrete property of the proposed operator are demonstrated through mathematical derivation. In the simulation examples, the polarization control operator with fixed and time-varying parameters is applied to the circularly polarized wave. The propagation waveform, the trajectory projection and the waveform cross section in different reception directions of the new electromagnetic waves are observed. The simulation results indicate that complex electromagnetic waves with more flexible polarization states can be obtained with the aid of the polarization operator.

XPull: A Relay-Based Blockchain Intercommunication Framework Achieving Cross-Chain State Pulling

LIANG Xinyu, CHEN Jing, DU Ruiying

2024, 33(5): 1261-1273. doi: 10.23919/cje.2023.00.004

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Abstract:
Cross-chain technology, which enables different blockchains to intercommunicate with one another, is challenging. Many existing cross-chain platforms, such as Polkadot and Cosmos, generally adopt a relay-based scheme: A relaychain (relay blockchain) receives and records the state information from every parachain (parallel blockchain), and publish the information on the platform, by which parachains are able to efficiently acquire the state information from one another. In the condition when parachain is consortium blockchain, the cross-chain platform cannot work properly. On the one hand, whether state information is submitted to relaychain is completely decided by the internal decision of parachain. The timeliness of state information cannot be guaranteed. On the other hand, the transfer of state information will be interrupted due to the failure of parachain or relaychain-parachain connection. In this paper, we propose a relay-based blockchain intercommunication framework, called XPull (cross-pulling). Specifically, to ensure the timeliness of state information, we propose a cross-chain state pulling scheme based on cosigned state pulling agreement. To solve the interruption of state transfer, we propose a random scheduling scheme to resume the transfer, or confirm the failure of parachain. The security analysis and experimental results demonstrate that XPull is secure and efficient.

Distributed Cell-Free Massive MIMO Versus Cellular Massive MIMO Under UE Hardware Impairments

LI Ning, FAN Pingzhi

2024, 33(5): 1274-1285. doi: 10.23919/cje.2023.00.045

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Abstract:
This paper first investigates and compares the uplink spectral efficiency (SE) of distributed cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) and cellular mMIMO networks, both with user equipment (UE) hardware impairments. We derive a lower bound on the uplink ergodic channel capacity of the cellular mMIMO with UE hardware impairments, based on which we determine the optimal receive combining that maximizes the instantaneous effective signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio. Then, a lower bound on the uplink capacity of a distributed cell-free mMIMO with UE hardware impairments is derived using the use-and-then-forget technique. On this basis, the optimum large-scale fading decoding vector is found using generalized Rayleigh entropy. By using three combining schemes of minimum mean-square error (MMSE), regularized zero-forcing (RZF), and maximum ratio, the uplink SEs of distributed cell-free mMIMO and cellular mMIMO networks are analyzed and compared. The results show that the two-layer decoding distributed cell-free mMIMO network with MMSE combining outperforms the cellular mMIMO network, and the advantage is more evident as the hardware impairment factor increases. Finally, the uplink energy efficiency (EE) of the distributed cell-free mMIMO networks is analyzed and evaluated through the established realistic power consumption model with hardware impairments. Simulation results show that two-layer decoding provides higher SE and EE than single-layer decoding. In addition, RZF achieves almost the same SE and EE as MMSE in a two-layer decoding architecture.

A Recursive DRL-Based Resource Allocation Method for Multibeam Satellite Communication Systems

MENG Haowei, XIN Ning, QIN Hao, ZHAO Di

2024, 33(5): 1286-1295. doi: 10.23919/cje.2022.00.135

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Abstract:
Optimization-based radio resource management (RRM) has shown significant performance gains on high-throughput satellites (HTSs). However, as the number of allocable on-board resources increases, traditional RRM is difficult to apply in real satellite systems due to its intense computational complexity. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is a promising solution for the resource allocation problem due to its model-free advantages. Nevertheless, the action space faced by DRL increases exponentially with the increase of communication scale, which leads to an excessive exploration cost of the algorithm. In this paper, we propose a recursive frequency resource allocation algorithm based on long-short term memory (LSTM) and proximal policy optimization (PPO), called PPO-RA-LOOP, where RA means resource allocation and LOOP means the algorithm outputs actions in a recursive manner. Specifically, the PPO algorithm uses LSTM network to recursively generate sub-actions about frequency resource allocation for each beam, which significantly cuts down the action space. In addition, the LSTM-based recursive architecture allows PPO to better allocate the next frequency resource by using the generated sub-actions information as a prior knowledge, which reduces the complexity of the neural network. The simulation results show that PPO-RA-LOOP achieved higher spectral efficiency and system satisfaction compared with other frequency allocation algorithms.

An Efficient Task Scheduling Algorithm in the Cloud and Edge Collaborative Environment

LONG Saiqin, WANG Cong, LONG Weifan, LIU Haolin, DENG Qingyong, LI Zhetao

2024, 33(5): 1296-1307. doi: 10.23919/cje.2022.00.223

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With the advent of the 5G era and the accelerated development of edge computing and Internet of Things technologies, the number of tasks to be processed by mobile devices continues to increase. Edge nodes become incapable of facing massive tasks due to their own limited computing capabilities, and thus the cloud and edge collaborative environment is produced. In order to complete as many tasks as possible while meeting the deadline constraints, we consider the task scheduling problem in the cloud-edge and edge-edge collaboration scenarios. As the number of tasks on edge nodes increases, the solution space becomes larger. Considering that each edge node has its own communication range, we design an edge node based clustering algorithm (ENCA), which can reduce the feasible region while dividing the edge node set. We transform the edge nodes inside the cluster into a bipartite graph, and then propose a task scheduling algorithm based on maximum matching (SAMM). Our ENCA and SAMM are used to solve the task scheduling problem. Compared with the other benchmark algorithms, experimental results show that our algorithms increase the number of the tasks which can be completed and meet the latest deadline constraints by 32%–47.2% under high load conditions.

Efficient Nonnegative Tensor Decomposition Using Alternating Direction Proximal Method of Multipliers

WANG Deqing, HU Guoqiang

2024, 33(5): 1308-1316. doi: 10.23919/cje.2023.00.035

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Abstract:
Nonnegative CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (NCP) tensor decomposition is a powerful tool for multiway signal processing. The alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) optimization algorithm has become increasingly popular for solving tensor decomposition problems in the block coordinate descent framework. However, the ADMM-based NCP algorithm suffers from rank deficiency and slow convergence for some large-scale and highly sparse tensor data. The proximal algorithm is preferred to enhance optimization algorithms and improve convergence properties. In this study, we propose a novel NCP algorithm using the alternating direction proximal method of multipliers (ADPMM) that consists of the proximal algorithm. The proposed NCP algorithm can guarantee convergence and overcome the rank deficiency. Moreover, we implement the proposed NCP using an inexact scheme that alternatively optimizes the subproblems. Each subproblem is optimized by a finite number of inner iterations yielding fast computation speed. Our NCP algorithm is a hybrid of alternating optimization and ADPMM and is named A²DPMM. The experimental results on synthetic and real-world tensors demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed algorithm.

Sharper Hardy Uncertainty Relations on Signal Concentration in Terms of Linear Canonical Transform

XU Xiaogang, XU Guanlei, WANG Xiaotong

2024, 33(5): 1317-1325. doi: 10.23919/cje.2023.00.096

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Abstract:
Linear canonical transform is of much significance to optics and information science. Hardy uncertainty principle, like Heisenberg uncertainty principle, plays an important role in various fields. In this paper, four new sharper Hardy uncertainty relations on linear canonical transform are derived. These new derived uncertainty relations are connected with the linear canonical transform parameters and indicate new insights for signal energy concentration. Especially, for certain transform parameters, e.g. b = 0, these new proposed uncertainty relations break the traditional counterparts in signal energy concentration, as will result in new physical interpretation in terms of uncertainty principle. Theoretical analysis and numerical examples are given to show the efficiency of these new relations.

An Algorithm of Deformation Image Correction Based on Spatial Mapping

DENG Xiangyu, ZHANG Aijia, YE Jinhong

2024, 33(5): 1326-1336. doi: 10.23919/cje.2022.00.443

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Abstract:
The original image undergoes geometric deformation in terms of position, shape, size, and orientation due to the shooting angle or capturing process during image acquisition. This leads to inconveniences and significant challenges in various image processing fields such as image fusion, denoising, recognition, and segmentation. To enhance the processing ability and recognition accuracy of deformation images, an adaptive algorithm for correcting image deformities is proposed for quadrilaterals and triangles. Firstly, the deformation image undergoes preprocessing, and the contour of the image edge is extracted. Then, discrete points on the image edge are identified to accurately locate the edges. Finally, the deformation of the quadrilateral or triangle is transformed into a standard rectangular or equilateral triangular image using the proposed three-dimensional homography transformation algorithm. This effectively completes the conversion from an irregular image to a regular image in an adaptive manner. Numerous experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm surpasses traditional methods like Hough transform and Radon transform. It improves the effectiveness of correcting deformation in images, effectively addresses the issue of geometric deformation, and provides a new technical method for processing deformation images.

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2024 Vol. 33, No. 5

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